Modern knowledge about the World.

      1. The Metagalaxy.

        The world that humanity lives is unimaginably huge and today it is called the Metagalaxy. The diameter of the Metagalaxy, the limit of the visible Universe, according to the latest scientific data, is 93 billion light years. In the SI system, one light year is equal to the distance that light travels during one revolution of the Earth around the Sun. It has a semblance of a giant cosmic web or cells, which in turn, consists of many galaxies connected to each other by a single gravitational field. Our Galaxy, the Solar System is inside it, is part of the so-called Local Group, the diameter is about 10 million light years and includes more than 70 galaxies. At a distance of approximately 5 * 10^7 light years, in the direction of the constellation Virgo, from us, there is a very large cluster of galaxies. This group includes about 1300 -2000 galaxies. The next cluster of galaxies is located at a distance of approximately 4*10^8 light years from us, in the direction of the constellation Coma Berenices.

2 Our Galaxy – the Milky Way.

        The sun, all stars which we see in the night sky  and millions other stars, which are determined with the help of various means, - all of this is the representatives of our Galaxy. It  represents a thin disk which diameter is hardly more than 100000 light years. And thickness of it changes within the limits of 1000 - 2000 light years. In the center of this disk the central galactic bulge is settled down. Diameter of this central bulge lies in area of 10000 light years. The approximate appearance of our Galaxy is shown in fig№1. If we look at it form above we can see, that the disk is formed by four spiral sleeves, drawing from  the central galactic bulge, similarly to spokes of a cart wheel. Modern research shows that the total mass of our Galaxy, including dark matter, is in the range of 1×10^12 to 1.5×10^12 solar masses. The mass of visible matter (stars, gas, dust) is only a small fraction of this value - about 1−2×10^11 solar masses.

3. Site of the Solar system.

       Like all stars, the Solar System moves around the center of the Galaxy at a certain speed – 200-220 km/s at a distance of 27,000 +/– 1200 light years from the center, almost in the galactic plane, almost in the middle between the spiral arms of Sagittarius and Perseus, in the southeastern part of the galactic disk.

4. Structure of the Solar system.

        It consists of follo­wing constructive elements. Our star, the Sun by named, ”nailed” nine planets of the system and the big zone of the asteroids between orbits of the Mars and the Jove by its gravitational field to the cer­tain place of the space. Parameters of all orbits objects of the system are tabulated №1. If we look at the  Solar system from above and in an edge of a plane of an orbit of the Earth, look fig.№1.2, we can see, that the space of system consists of two constructive elements. The first constructive elem­ent presents as thin disk with the next sizes: diameter – 60.04 a.u.( it is length of big axis of an orbit of a planet the Neptune) and thickness is 1.86 a.u. (the total height of rice and descent above / under the plan of an orbit of the Earth of the Neptune). In the center of this disk there is the Sun, and in its thickness, around the center, there are the first 8 planets and a zone of asteroids of our system. As an orbit of the Neptune forms this disk, we shell name this disk – the disk of the Neptune. The second constructive element of system present as a cylinder with it next geometrical sizes : the height of it is a projection of the big axis of an orbit of 9-th planet Pluto to an vertical axis of the system, and it is equal to 23.4 a.u. ; diameter of the basis is a projection of an orbit of the given planet to a plane of an orbit of the Earth and it is equal to 76 a.u..

        Let’s write down the definitions, which are necessary.

1. Affiliation (perihelion) is the most distance (near) point of an orbit of a planet according to the Sun.

2. Eccentricity of an orbit( e ) is a value, which determinates a degree of elongation of an ellip­tic orbit of a planet, or how much it is distinct from a circle.

3. The corner of inclination( ε ) is the corner formed between two planes, namely a plane of an orbit the Earth and a plane in which the corresponding planet goes.

4. Ecliptic is a conditional trajectory annual movement of the Sun on the sky and it coincides with a plane of an orbit of the Earth.

5. The Earth, the Moon, the Sun.

        Our planet the Earth is the third planet of the Solar system. Its average diameter composes 12740 kilometers. As a result of rotation about its axis, the planet slightly compressed on poles. The factor of compression for the Earth makes 1/298. The polar radius is equal to 6357 kilometers. The linear speed of rotation at the equator is 465.1 m/sec. Our planet consists of: a heavy nucleus which radius is equal to 1221 kilometers, an external nucleus which radius  is equal to 3471 kilometers, the  mantle, and earth’s crust. At height of 300 kilometers from a surface, the main maximum of ionize of an atmosphere is settled down; similarly a screen with­standing spa­ce  beams of the different nature  and in the same time it is a visible border  between an  atmosphere and space. We call it the diameter of the edge of the Earth and we calculate it:

                                 Dedge = 2 x 300 + 12756 = 13356  km.

        At the average distance from the Earth, equaled to 384742 km, the unique satellite - the Mo­on goes around it. As it is already proved, it plays the major role in stabilization of axis of a terrestrial globe, it is the stabilization of a climate on our planet and plays the important role in the life of all organisms.

      As it was spoken above, in the center of our planetary system is settled down "the gravitational spatial nail” - the Sun. Diameter of this “nail” makes 1391980 km.

We come back to the Earth. To define a place of various space objects in the sky is necessary the certain system of coordinates . We use the equatorial system, look fig.№1.3.. The description of this coordinate system is executed in many references, but this system represents in volume and un­der the certain corner, it is required for comparison.

        Inwardly of the Milky  Way we can  pick out a certain average plane (it is called a galactic equator), which is crossing the sphere of the World. The galactic plane is inclined to a plane of the equator of the World under a corner approximately equaled to  62o . The line, perpendicular to a

plane of a galactic equator and taking place through the center p.S. of spheres of the World, is called a galactic axis (PNg  Psg). The north pole of the Galaxies lays in constellation of Hair Veronica, a point PNg, its coordinates are the following: t = 12 hours and 40 minutes; ε =+28o. Accordingly, the South Pole of the Galaxy settles down in constellation of the Sculptor with coordinates: t = 0 hours and 40 minutes; ε =-28o. Its center is situated in a direction of the constellation of the Archer , its coordinates are the following: t = 17 hours and 42 minutes; ε = -29o.

        The plane of an orbit of the Earth is inclined to a plane of the equator of the World  under a corner γ = 23o 26/ =23.43o and accordingly, the terrestrial axis is inclined to a plane of the orbit under a cor­ner, equaled to 90o – γ = 66.57o.

        In figure № 1.3, according to the coordinates, our Starry House represents as it is seen in our beautiful and blue sky.

                                                                            T  A  B  L  E   №1.

Figure №1. A top view of the model of the Galaxy and from the edge of its
plane of symmetry ( a galactic plane). The site of the Solar system is specified
by point Ss.

6.   Ancient units of measurements in the modern system SI.

A BAHT - it is an ancient measure of the volume measurement. In the modern translation its value to cubic metre, see the literature (1.6):

1.1)                                          0.022 m3 <  1 bath  <  0.03  m3 .

THE TALENT and SHEKEL - they are ancient measure of the weight measurement, to a kilogram, see the literature (1.6):

1.2)                                          1 talent ≈ 30.6 kg.

                          1 shekel ≈ 0.0113 kg.

A CUBIT and PALM – are the ancient measure of length. In the modern system:

1.3)                                          0.45 m  <  1  cubit  <  0.5  m .

1 palm  =  1/6 cubit .

In this work a factor of transformation of cubit into metre was received through an average distance from Sun to Earth according to the first and the second models of the World, see (2.2.23) and (3.4.10):

1.4)                                                       2 х 1.497 х 1011 [ m ]

               1  [cubit] = --------------------------------------------------  =  0.4907  [m]

                                     3.0637 x 1011 + 3.037 x 1011  [ cub. ]  

One astronomical unit (a.u.) – is a distance equaled to an average radius of an orbit of our planet the Earth:

1.5)               1 [аu] = 1.497 х 1011 [ m ] = 1.497 x 1011 / 0.4907 = 3.0503 x 1011 [ cubit].

THE LIGHT YEAR (ly) - is a distance, which the light passes for one turn of the Earth around the Sun and it is :

1.6)                     1 [ly] =  9.46 х 1015 [ m ] =  9.46 х 1015 / 0.4907 = 1.93 x 1016 [cubit].